Serum Biomarkers of Renal Impairment of In Pediatric Acute Heart Failure

Abstract

Pediatric acute heart failure (PAHF) is a complex and life-threatening condition with significant implications for multi-organ function, particularly the kidneys. The interplay between cardiac dysfunction and renal impairment, termed cardiorenal syndrome, exacerbates disease progression and increases morbidity and mortality in affected children. Early and accurate identification of renal impairment is crucial for optimizing therapeutic strategies and improving clinical outcomes. Serum biomarkers have emerged as valuable tools for detecting and monitoring renal dysfunction in PAHF, offering potential advantages over traditional measures such as serum creatinine. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of key serum biomarkers, including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), cystatin C, and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), among others, highlighting their clinical utility, diagnostic accuracy, and prognostic value in pediatric settings. The article explores the pathophysiological basis of these biomarkers, their correlation with renal function, and their relevance in guiding clinical decision-making. Additionally, it discusses the challenges and limitations in implementing biomarker-based diagnostics in resource-constrained settings. By synthesizing current evidence, this review aims to underscore the role of serum biomarkers as essential components of precision medicine in the management of PAHF and its associated renal complications.